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Hungarian researchers unveil autonomous drone swarm technology

Hungarian researchers unveil autonomous drone swarm technology

autonomous

“Autonomous” の意味と分析

意味

  1. 自律的な、自主的な
    • 外部からの指示や制御なしに、自ら決定や行動を行うことを指します。
    • 例: An autonomous vehicle (自律走行車)
  2. 自治の、独立した
    • 他の権威や組織から独立している状態。
    • 例: An autonomous region (自治地域)

語源

  • ギリシャ語の “autos”(自己) + “nomos”(法、規則)から派生。
    • 文字通り「自分自身の法を持つ」という意味。

使われる文脈

  1. 技術・科学
    • ロボット、ドローン、車などが外部の操作なしで動作する状態を表す。
    • 例: The drone operates autonomously.(そのドローンは自律的に動作する。)
  2. 政治・社会
    • 地域や組織が独自のルールやガバナンスを持つ場合。
    • 例: The city has autonomous status.(その都市は自治権を持つ。)
  3. 心理・哲学
    • 人間や意思が他者の影響に左右されず独立していること。
    • 例: He is an autonomous thinker.(彼は独立した思考を持つ人だ。)

類義語と比較

  • Independent: 「独立」を意味し、他者に依存しない状態。
    例: An independent company.(独立した会社)
    ※ただし「自律的に動く」というニュアンスはない。
  • Self-sufficient: 必要なものを自分で満たすことを指す。
    例: A self-sufficient community.(自給自足の共同体)
  • Self-governing: 特に政治的な自治を強調する表現。
    例: A self-governing territory.(自治領)

要点

  • 自律性(技術や科学)や 自治(社会や政治)の文脈で使われることが多い。
  • 具体的な動作や独立性を伴う場合、「autonomous」が適切な表現。

swarm

“Swarm” の意味と分析

意味

  1. 名詞 (Noun)
    • 群れ、大群
      • 特に昆虫や小動物の集団を指す。
        例: A swarm of bees (ハチの群れ)
        特徴:
        • 大量に存在し、動きや広がりがある。
        • 自然な統一性を持つ群れ。
    • (比喩的) 人や物の集まり
      例: A swarm of tourists filled the street. (観光客の群れが通りを埋め尽くした)
  2. 動詞 (Verb)
    • 群れをなして動く、うじゃうじゃ集まる
      例: Bees swarmed around the hive. (ハチが巣の周りに群がった)
    • 大量に押し寄せる
      例: Fans swarmed into the stadium. (ファンがスタジアムに押し寄せた)

語源

  • 古英語 “swerma” (群れ、集団)に由来。
    → 動きのある集団を強調する言葉として使用される。

使われる文脈

  1. 昆虫や小動物の群れ
    例: A swarm of locusts destroyed the crops.
    (イナゴの群れが作物を破壊した)
  2. 技術分野
    • 自律的に動作するドローンやロボットの協調動作を表す。
      例: The drones moved as a swarm, communicating with each other in real-time.
      (ドローンは群れのように動き、リアルタイムで通信していた)
  3. 人や物の比喩的な表現
    • 大量の人や物が集まり、動きがある場面。
      例: A swarm of reporters gathered around the celebrity.
      (報道陣の群れが有名人を取り囲んだ)

類義語との比較

  • Group: 静的な「集団」。動きや統一感を必ずしも伴わない。
    例: A group of students. (学生の集団)
  • Herd: 主に大型動物(牛や羊など)の群れを指す。
    例: A herd of cattle. (牛の群れ)
  • Flock: 羊や鳥などの群れを指す。
    例: A flock of birds. (鳥の群れ)

要点

  • Swarm は特に「動き」や「広がり」を伴う集団を指す。
  • 技術分野ではドローンやロボットの群れとして用いられ、協調動作を重視する。
  • 昆虫(特にハチ)に関連する文脈でよく使われるが、比喩的にも多用される。

時々急に不安になるときはないですか?

Do you ever suddenly feel anxious?

私は,今日がまさにその日です.

Today is exactly one of those days for me.

不安はどこからくるのでしょうか.

Where does anxiety come from?

バイオリズムだとわかっていても,このような気持ちは好きじゃないです.

Even though I know it’s just biorhythm, I don’t like this kind of feeling.

好きになれればよいのですが.

I wish I could learn to like it.

私は,バイオリズムのような,お話は当時まで全く興味がなかったです.

I had absolutely no interest in topics like biorhythm back then.

どちらかというと女性がそういうことに興味があり,血液うらないとか,星座占いを女性がすきです.

If anything, it seemed more like something women were interested in—things like blood type fortune-telling or horoscope readings that women tend to like.

ただ,バイオリズムは,このカレンダーを信じるわけではないですが,必ずあると思ます.

However, while I don’t necessarily believe in the accuracy of this kind of calendar, I do think biorhythms definitely exist.

女性は,生理があり,そのリズムで体調や気持ちがかわります.

Women have menstrual cycles, and their physical condition and emotions change with that rhythm.

このような生体のリズムは男性にも,女性にもあるとおもうんですね.

I believe that such biological rhythms exist in both men and women.

最近は,リズムがきたと,諦めてなにもしません.

These days, when the rhythm comes, I just accept it and do nothing about it.

なぜなら,何もしても,気持ちは変わらないです.

Because no matter what I do, my feelings don’t change.

一般的な出来事ですと,変化はないですね.

With ordinary events, there’s no noticeable change.

不安から違うところに集中力を向かわせることが,このリズムを乗り越える唯一の方法ですね.

Redirecting my focus away from anxiety is the only way to overcome this rhythm.

12:01

SAD

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Definition

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at specific times of the year, typically during the fall and winter months when daylight hours are shorter. It is often referred to as “seasonal depression” or “winter blues.”

Causes

  1. Reduced Sunlight:
    • Shorter days and less sunlight during fall and winter can disrupt the body’s internal clock (circadian rhythm), leading to feelings of depression.
  2. Changes in Serotonin Levels:
    • Serotonin, a brain chemical that affects mood, can decrease due to reduced sunlight, contributing to depressive symptoms.
  3. Melatonin Disruption:
    • Seasonal changes can affect the body’s melatonin levels, which regulate sleep patterns and mood.

Symptoms

  • Emotional Symptoms:
    • Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or worthlessness
    • Irritability or anxiety
    • Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
  • Physical Symptoms:
    • Fatigue or low energy
    • Oversleeping (hypersomnia)
    • Cravings for carbohydrates and weight gain
    • Difficulty concentrating
  • Seasonal Pattern:
    • Symptoms generally start in late fall or early winter and improve in spring or summer.

Risk Factors

  1. Geographic Location:
    • People living farther from the equator are more prone to SAD due to less sunlight in winter.
  2. Family History:
    • A family history of depression or other mental health conditions increases the risk.
  3. Gender and Age:
    • Women are more likely to experience SAD than men.
    • It typically begins in young adulthood.

Treatment Options

  1. Light Therapy (Phototherapy):
    • Exposure to a bright light that mimics natural sunlight for 20-30 minutes daily.
  2. Psychotherapy (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy):
    • Helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns.
  3. Medications:
    • Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs) may be prescribed for severe cases.
  4. Lifestyle Changes:
    • Regular exercise
    • Spending time outdoors during daylight hours
    • Maintaining a healthy diet

Preventive Measures

  • Start light therapy before symptoms appear in fall.
  • Spend time outdoors even on cloudy days.
  • Maintain regular sleep and wake schedules year-round.

Key Point

SAD is a recognized mental health condition linked to seasonal changes, primarily due to decreased exposure to sunlight. While it can significantly impact mood and energy levels, effective treatments and preventive strategies can help manage and reduce its effects.

12:03

CASIO G-shock

12:04

https://keisan.casio.jp/exec/system/1231994137

12:05

December 2nd, 1994

12:17

unveil [ uhn-VEYL ]

autonomous [ aw-TON-uh-muhs ]

swarm – a big group of something (in this case, drones)

12:18

collective noun

集合名詞(Collective Noun)とは?

集合名詞とは、複数の人、動物、または物の集まりを一つの単位として表す単語のことです。形は単数形ですが、集団全体を指します。

カテゴリ別の例

1. 人間に関する集合名詞

  • team(チーム): プレイヤーの集団
  • committee(委員会): メンバーの集まり
  • family(家族): 親族の集まり
  • crowd(群衆): 観客や人々の集団
  • choir(合唱団): 歌手たちの集団

2. 動物に関する集合名詞

  • flock(群れ): 鳥や羊の群れ
  • herd(群れ): 牛や鹿の群れ
  • swarm(群れ): ハチやバッタの群れ
  • pack(群れ): オオカミや犬の集団
  • school(群れ): 魚の集団

3. 物に関する集合名詞

  • bunch(束): 鍵やブドウの束
  • fleet(艦隊): 船や車の集団
  • pile(山): 衣類の山
  • collection(コレクション): 切手や美術品の集まり
  • set(セット): 道具やアイテムのセット

文法的な特徴

1. 単数形だが、複数の意味を持つ

集合名詞は単数形として扱われますが、集団全体やその中の個々のメンバーを指します。
例:

  • The team is practicing.(チーム全体が練習している)
  • The team are arguing among themselves.(チームのメンバーが互いに議論している)

2. 動詞の一致(地域差あり)

  • イギリス英語では、集合名詞が個々のメンバーを強調する場合に複数扱いになることがあります。
    • The committee have reached a decision.(委員会が決定に達した)
  • アメリカ英語では、通常集合名詞は単数として扱われます。
    • The committee has reached a decision.(委員会が決定に達した)

特定の集合名詞

特定のグループに特化した集合名詞には、ユニークなものが多くあります。例:

  • a murder of crows(カラスの群れ)
  • a gaggle of geese(ガチョウの群れ)
  • a parliament of owls(フクロウの議会)
  • a pride of lions(ライオンの群れ)
  • a troop of monkeys(サルの集団)

集合名詞を使う理由

  1. 簡潔さ
    リスト形式で個々を列挙する必要がなく、グループ全体を簡単に表現できます。
  • A pack of wolves(オオカミの群れ)は「10匹のオオカミ」と列挙するより簡潔です。
  1. 表現力
    ユニークな集合名詞は、文章や会話に彩りを加えます。
  • A murmuration of starlings(ムクドリの群れ)は、「鳥の集団」より印象的に響きます。

要点まとめ

集合名詞は、単数形で集団を表す単語であり、状況や地域の違によって文法上の扱いが異なります。動きや静止した集団を問わず、多くの場面で活用されます。

4o

a school of fish

a flock of birds

12:19

Hungary is located in Central Europe.

12:22

experimentation [ik-sper-uh-men-TEY-shuhn

12:24

centralized [ SEN-truh-lahyzd ]

Personalized FEEDBACK

VOCABULARY

SAD – Seasonal Affective Disorder

swarm – a big group of something (in this case, drones)

GRAMMAR

You said: My birthday and today calculate, today eleven emotion F is emotion down.
Better: After inputting my birthday and calculating today’s date, my biorhythm results indicate that my emotions are at a low point.
誕生日と今日の日にちを入力すると,今日のバイオリズムが取得されます.今日は感情の値がダウンしています.

By entering your birthdate and today’s date, you can get today’s biorhythm. Today, the emotional value is down.


You said: When 1994, I was university student, you’re baby.
Better: In 1994, I was a university student and you were just a baby.
1994年は,私は大学生で,あなたは赤ちゃんですね.

In 1994, I was a university student, and you were a baby.


You said: Communicating with someone is bring feel better.
Better: Communicating with others can make you feel better.
誰かとコミュニケーションを取ると,気分がらくになりますね.

Talking to someone makes you feel better, doesn’t it?
You said: Recently, there are no balloons in Japan. When I was child, there are many balloons for advertising.
Better: I haven’t seen many balloons in Japan recently, but when I was a child, there were many balloons used for advertising.

最近日本では,バルーンは飛んでいません.子供の頃,たくさんのバルーンが広告のために飛んでいました.
Recently, balloons haven’t been flying in Japan. When I was a child, many balloons were flown for advertising.
PRONUNCIATION

anxiety [ ang-ZAHY-i-tee ]
biorhythm [ BAHY-oh-rith-uhm ]
women [ WIM-in ]
blood [ bluhd ]
unveil [ uhn-VEYL ]
autonomous [ aw-TON-uh-muhs ]
experimentation [ik-sper-uh-men-TEY-shuhn
centralized [ SEN-truh-lahyzd ]

印刷用画面を開く

Posted November 20, 2024

Category: Technology/Innovations

Unlocking Word Meanings

Read the following words/expressions found in today’s article.

  1. drone / droʊn / (n.) – a type of small aircraft that can fly without a pilot and can be controlled from the ground
    Example:

There are companies using drones to deliver medicine in remote locations.

  1. experimentation / ɪkˌspɛr ə mɛnˈteɪ ʃən / (n.) – the process of testing methods, strategies, and products to determine its effects, especially if it’s good and effective
    Example:

It will take many years of experimentation before the car company can release the first flying car.

  1. centralized / ˈsɛn trəˌlaɪzd / (adj.) – under the control of a single main system or authority
    Example:

The company has a centralized system to manage all its customer information in one place.

  1. scale up (something) / skeɪl ʌp / (phrasal v.) – to increase something’s size, quantity, or scope
    Example:

Factories scale up production of their items before the holiday shopping season.

  1. onboard / ˈɒnˈbɔrd / (adj.) – being carried on a vehicle or happening on a vehicle
    Example:

The robot uses onboard sensors to detect obstacles and move around safely.

Article

Read the text below.

Moving in a dense cloud, like a flock of birds in flight, 100 drones maneuver through the night sky in an open field just outside Hungary’s capital. It’s the result of more than a decade of research and experimentation that scientists believe could change the future of unmanned flight.

The behavior of the swarm, made up of autonomous drones that make their own decisions without pre-programming or centralized control, is guided by research conducted by Hungarian scientists at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) in Budapest on the collective movements of creatures from the natural world.

“We don’t scale up our systems from designing one single drone and then having multiple ones,” says Gábor Vásárhelyi, a senior researcher at the university. “But we start this whole thing with the mindset of collective motion and collective behavior.”

In recent years, drones have become a common sight in the sky: Companies like Amazon and FedEx have launched drone delivery services, hobbyists use them for aerial photography, and groups of more than 1,000 drones have been programmed to deliver large-scale light shows.

But the scientists at ELTE’s Department of Biological Physics have developed new models based on the behavior of animals to allow a large number of drones to travel autonomously and react in real-time to their environment and each other as they execute individual routes and tasks.

“This is the level of what we call decentralization or decentralized systems. After the drones are told what to do, we can switch off the ground control station, we can burn it, or whatever, throw it away,” says Vásárhelyi. “The drones will be able to do what they have to do just by communicating to each other.”

Using data the researchers gathered by monitoring the flight of pigeons, the movements of wild horses on the Great Hungarian Plain, and other animal behavior, they developed an algorithm that allows the drones to make onboard, autonomous decisions and safely mitigate conflicts to avoid collisions.

Digital models in three dimensions have convinced the researchers that the algorithm can successfully support 5,000 drones flying together autonomously.

This article was provided by The Associated Press.

Viewpoint Discussion

Enjoy a discussion with your tutor.

Discussion A

  • How would you feel if hundreds of drones flew over you in public? Should there be limits on where and how many drones can fly at a time? Why or why not? Discuss.
  • Drones can take photos and videos while they’re flying. Does this concern you? What else should people be concerned about with many drones in the sky? What measures should the government implement to ease the public’s concerns regarding the use of drones? Discuss.

Discussion B

  • In ELTE’s experimentation, drones can make decisions without needing human instructions. How much do you trust technology to operate autonomously? What tasks would you never want an autonomous device to do for you? Why? Discuss.
  • What autonomous devices do you have at home that you can confidently use with no issues (ex. robot vacuum, AI-powered washing machine)? How satisfied are you with the performance of these autonomous devices? Discuss.

Category: Technology/Innovations